A Fight Involving Two Women And An Unfaithful Lover May

A fight involving two women and an unfaithful lover may seem like an eventful but otherwise ordinarily entertaining plot in an alternative rock or indie-pop music video, but this scene that takes place in alt-J s music video, Breezeblocks, is more than simply attention-grabbing. The fight scene shown in the video is striking as it is slowed down and shown in reverse order instead of chronologically, which intensifies the events that play out. Directed by Ellis Bahl, the Breezeblocks music video connects the viewer to the somber message of the song s lyrics which describe the sometimes destructive lengths that love may drive people to, but also brings attention to how flawed the assumptions we have of others are when we base our opinions†¦show more content†¦Showing the order of events in this way first allows the viewer to assume that the man murdered the other woman in a fit of rage, and may even invoke sympathy for the woman who might be recognized initially as a familiar victim of domestic abuse. But as the video continues, the viewer realizes the man s deadly actions were a form of self-defense and it was, in fact, the murdered woman who seems to have brought about her own tragic fate by tying up the man s wife and attacking him with a knife. This altercation is shown in this unique order to make the viewer aware of how easily society s gender roles may affect our initial perception of actions like we see in the music video. At first glance, the viewer most likely assumes that the man is the perpetrator and the woman is the victim because men are often associated with violence and power in society, while women tend to be associated with vulnerability and submission. The music video acts as a dark reminder of how flawed these assumptions might be, and that society s ideas about how people ought to act are not always accurate. By revealing the problematic nature of society s idea of gender, the music video separates itself from the traditionally hype r-sexualized or gender specific expectations that many images exemplify. The music video directly intends to make the viewer aware of society s gender norms, while it s absence of sexuality purposefully fails to follow many of society s expectations; this hasShow MoreRelatedThe Biological and Cultural Forces That Differentiate Males and Females2918 Words   |  12 Pageswith arise. Evolutionary theories There are many mysteries involving the differences between male and females but before these mysteries came about, we wondered about how he got here and how we developed into such a great species. One of the theories that came about is theories about chimps and how closely related we are to them. According to Diamond our DNA is ninety six percent similar to the DNA of chimps. DNA is made up of two chains that is different in everyone but is carried from parentRead More Thomas Malory’s Le Morte Darthur and Monty Python and the Holy Grail2221 Words   |  9 Pagesand the Holy Grail Professor’s comment: This student uses a feminist approach to shift our value judgment of two works in a surprisingly thought-provoking way. After showing how female seduction in Malory’s story of King Arthur is crucial to the story as a whole, the student follows with an equally serious analysis of Monty Python’s parody of the female seduction motif in what may be the most memorable and hilarious episode of the film. Much of the humor in Monty Python and the Holy GrailRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women2188 Words   |  9 Pagesheavy topic in literature. The status of women in the world has continued to change due to the fight for the equal rights of women. Even today there are still some issues involving the rights of women, some places more so than others. Ama Ata Aidoo, an author in African literature, was born into royalty in Ghana which provided her with a clear significance of African customs (Horne 48). She illustrates in â€Å"Two Sisters† how the inequality of genders affected women in Ghana, from inequality in employmentRead MoreEssay on Delias Marriage in Hurstons Sweat2168 Words   |  9 Pages In Zora Neale Hurston’s short story, Sweat, Delia finds herself stuck in an unbearable marriage. Her husband, Sykes, mistreats her, leaves all work to her, and is unfaithful. After being married to Sykes for 15 years, Delia has lost all hope in the marriage. The countless beatings and painful acts of Sykes have brought her over the edge. She is forced to go against her strict religious beliefs because of the life in which she has been leading since her matrimony to her husband. One passage thatRead MoreEssay on Stress and Anger6191 Words   |  25 Pagesto stress; one quick responding nerve-hormonal system involving adrenaline, another long-lasting system involving cortisol, and perhaps others. These systems not only determine the intensity of our anxiety reactions but also our attitudes, energy level, depression, and physical health after the stressful events are over. As individuals, our nervous systems differ; however, according to Richard Dienstbier at the University of Nebraska, we may be able to modify our unique physiological reactions byRead MoreEssay on The Odyssey21353 Words   |  86 Pages Telemachus and Peisistratus to his king. Asphalion - another squire of Menelaus. He helps to look after Telemachus and Peisistratus at Sparta. Eidothii - daughter of the mighty Proteus. She helps Menelaus to trap her father so that he may hear about the past and future from him. Noemon - an Ithacan. Athene borrows his ship for Telemachus to take to Pylos for finding news of Odysseus. It is through Noemon that the suitors realize Telemachus has left Ithaca and has gone to PylosRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 PagesChurch Membership ............... Induction Service ........................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes ............................................................................................. Involving Every Member in Ministry ....................................... Small Group Ministries ............................................................ Training and Equipping of Local Elders ................................. Marriage Ceremony .....Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages © 2008, 2005 Duxbury, an imprint of Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the

We Must Change What We Eat - 974 Words

We need to change what we eat. This conclusion came about due to the increased heath concerns, and financial stress caused by our current eating habits. In America diabetes along with obesity is at an all-time high. From 2010-2012 diabetes has increased in the American population by 1.3 Million. Also even though our cost of eating is much higher than it was has to be, we refuse to change what we eat. Eating out less is one way that we can change what we eat. Eating out on average costs more than eating out. According to Jane Dornbusch with the Boston Globe â€Å"The at-home meal prepared for two came to $11.84 per person. The meal per person at the Outback: $23.84.† This was comparing steak dinners with a side of soup. With eating out being more than twice the cost of eating at home, one can conclude that eating out too often can cause unnecessary economic stress on the consumer. Even if you consider this substantial price difference as a tolerable burden, the health concerns that come with eating out are undeniable. The outlaw ribeye, which is the steak on long horn’s menu that was price, was over 1500 calories when ordered with the standard butter topping. Compared to the 847 calories that are in your organic fed ribeye available at a local market, you can see how substituting the restaurant meal with a home cooked meal could greatly decrease your daily calorie intake. Harvard has done a study finding that two out of every three American’s are overweight and cutting down onShow MoreRelated Losing Weight the Correct Way Essay examples738 Words   |  3 Pagesfactors, such as lack of nutrition in food and having a slothful lifestyle. Also, as people pursue other interests, such as careers and family life, they ignore keeping themselves healthy and fit. To maintain health and life span, one must exercise, eat moderately, and eat foods that have nutritional value. If one follows this plan, one can successfully lose weight and be healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exercise and having an active lifestyle is an important component to maintain in order to lose weight. Some peopleRead MoreLife is like a Menu962 Words   |  4 Pagescard. We get what we order. Whenever we go to a restaurant, we order meals of our preference and avoid what we dislike and so relish the meal. Life is the same. If we choose what we like to do, we will enjoy our life . Sometimes we may be influenced by others and may order things on the recommendation of others but are not really happy with what we get. Life has advisors at each and every stage . Advice being free is most of times unsolicited. But we must be prudent and only accept what is goodRead MoreWomen s Rights And Equality1135 Words   |  5 Pages In an ideal world, every single person lives according to their own choices. Oh, wait a second, we do live in a country with laws ensuring this. The laws allowing each American’s freedom to choose does not include the exact definition of gender roles because each person should be free to choose. The definition of equality inquires that all genders have the same rights and opportunities. According to law women are able to work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society. The 1st amendment reassuresRead MoreEating Animals, by Jonathan Safran Foer Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book Eating Animals by Jonathan Safran Foer, the author talks about, not only vegetarianism, but reveals to us what actually occurs in the factory farming system. The issue circulating in this book is whether to eat meat or not to eat meat. Foer, however, never tries to convert his reader to become vegetarians but rather to inform them with information so they can respond with better judgment. Eating meat has been a thing that majority of us engage in without question. Which is why among otherRead MoreThe Importance Of Unhealthy Food1686 Words   |  7 Pagesof food to change. I am almost certain, Americans never stop and consider how the food has been processed, what ingredients it contains, etc. Why do we let corporations hide the truth about our what we take into our bodies? Is a question, we Americans should be seeking the answer too. Food is one of the necessities to survive, thus its vital to know what role unhealthy food plays in our body. There are various unhealthy ways that Americans interact with food. As crazy as it sounds, we do not haveRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Nutritional Diet?884 Words   |  4 Pages You are what you eat. We’ve all heard that expression countless times from parents and teachers who encourage us to eat healthy. The types of food you eat is just one way you’re affected by it. The way food is produced, processed, and distributed has an enormous impact not only on the quality and variety of food you eat, but also on the environment and the health of people involved in every aspect of what we call our food system. The food system that we fallow carries many affects uponRead MoreHealth Issues Of A Healthy Lifestyle Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesthey consume their food. We are taking our food and health for granted. Nevertheless, some of us are taking seriously in the way they consume their food. Beauty is the new trend to keep ourselves in eye of society. People are wil ling to risk their health to keep themselves in a good shape. Skipping meals eat less food; we are torturing ourselves to look in the pink of health. Diet is the term we use to define that we are eating less and ignoring our body needs. We should change our society mind setsRead MoreHow Being Moral Include Animals1261 Words   |  6 Pagesdoubt that food is a very essential source of energy to the human body, but certain types of food are immensely controversial, such as meat. There are many perspectives for eating food: one states that everyone should be vegan- someone who does not eat any animal products like meat for certain reasons that might be righteous or even health and religious reasons in order for animals, especially cattle, to live life they deserve. Another point of view is that some people believe that eating meat andRead MoreThe Ethics Of Eating Meat Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Eating Meat We are a nation of meat eaters. We are socialized from a young age to consume high levels of animal products. This deeply ingrained meat-eating tradition is a big part of the American standard diet. A visit to the local grocery store shows that there is no shortage of animal products. Isle by isle you see a plethora of meats, neatly packed and ready to be cooked, dairy products neatly shelved, and even candies that contain animal by-products. This is an omnivore’s utopiaRead MoreMarket1464 Words   |  6 Pagesdo something when the marginal benefits lt; marginal costs of doing it. It can be easy wrongly conclude that marginal cost and total cost of the teams should always move in the same direction. That is, it total cost is rising, the marginal cost must be falling as well. To maximize the profit using marginal revenue and marginal cost, you focus on the contribution one additional unit of output makes the revenue relative to its contribution to the cost. DISCUSSION 3 WEEK 3 ECO I agree U.S

The Importance Of Family And Child Services - 2511 Words

It is one thing to speak about the importance of Family and Child Services but it is another to compare it to another country. When comparing the differences within the Family and Child Services you get a sense of appreciation and sadness when learning how children are treated in foster homes across the country. In some ways when comparing Jordan to countries in Europe and the United States it can sadden the individual knowing that children in another country aren’t’t treated the same as they are here in the United States. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast Family and Child Services in the United States compared to the Middle East mainly focusing on Jordan. My thesis question is as follows: The country of Jordan is†¦show more content†¦The United States social work field and family and child services is not perfect and has many flaws itself, but the one thing they have that Jordan does not is structure and organization. What I believe can be i mplemented in the country of Jordan to decrease the abandoned children rate is Accessibility to the limited amount of social workers that are available in Jordan. Without the ability to rely on such services children and families won’t get the help they need if they are unable to either take care of there child or if the child is left without parents. The second option I believe that will help Jordan with this crisis is some sort of stability and organization when it comes to the social work field in Jordan. We need to be able to develop and organize a stable environment for people to be able to access the help that they need. Stability is also important when it comes to the development of the child; if you bring stability and organization to a child’s life they have a better chance of following the right path in the future. And lastly, we need to either train the social workers that are located in Jordan better or bring in international social worker to Jordan and hel p organize and provide knowledge on how to approach and develop family and child services. The United States has a lot of options when it comes to the field of Family and Child Services. As stated above there are many flaws to these services, but when comparing it to Jordan you can clearly see that

The Effects Of Social Media On Body Image - 1663 Words

Do college-ages women who use twitter exhibit higher levels of social comparison and body checking than non-users? Countless scientific studies and research focus on the effects of social media platforms on body image, social comparison, and image satisfaction. Author Erin A. Vogel has written extensively over the effects of social media and body image. The studies utilize different experimental approaches that indicate the subjects who showed high levels of social comparison orientation are avid users of Facebook (Vogel, 2015), the social media platform of focus of the article. There is a correlation between specific emotions including envy and shame that stem from social networking use that lead to social comparison (Lim Yang, 2015). Research conducted using the Body Checking Scale (Hildebrandt et al., 2010), Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Body Surveillance Scale (McKinley Hyde, 1996), and the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (Thompson et al., 1991) will support the postulation that social comparison levels are higher in college-aged women who use Twitter specifically and represent that correlation. College Age Women Those on social media sites such as Twitter often represent the younger demographic of adolescence; a time where adolescents are experiencing development in their bodies and develop an awareness to their body image in accordance social standards (Ghaznavi, 2015). Therefore, those on social media sites such as Twitter are often atShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Social Media On Female Body Image1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"When all you see is a body type that only two percent of the population has, it’s difficult to remember what’s real and what’s reasonable to expect of yourself and everyone else.† This was stated by Arielle Cutler, who studied the recent effects social media has on the female body image. Not only has media made women feel insecure about their bodies but it pinpoints exactly what bothers them. It could be weight, skin problems, height, and even a clothing style. The media sends subliminal messagesRead MoreThe Effect Of Soci al Media On Body Image Dissatisfaction2556 Words   |  11 Pagesthe social media, self-esteem, diet and sex have on Body Image Dissatisfaction. BSc Psychology, Full-Time, Year 2. Advance Research Methods In Psychology Module: 1PSY501 The influence the social media, self-esteem, diet and sex have on body image dissatisfaction. ABSTRACT The influence the social media, self-esteem, diet and sex have on body image dissatisfaction was investigated using a multiple regression method. The four predictor variables were sex; social media; diet;Read MoreStudies of Social Media and its Effects on Adolescent’s Body Image 1166 Words   |  5 Pagesthe years, technology has evolved into something people cannot live without. Mixed in with all of the improvements, social media has become a major asset in the lives of people. Social media can include websites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, but can also include video games and magazines. However, social media is not always genuine. In the mindset of adolescents, these medias help to create unrealistic ideas of who they are and who they should be. As if going through puberty isn’t difficultRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Young Women s Body Image2983 Words   |  12 PagesMedia images of unrealistic body images have always been communicated through TV c ommercials, magazines, billboards, and many other advertisements. The latest method of advertisement and communication is social media. Social media was introduced in 2004. It allows users to create profiles, find lost friends and loved ones, and also share pictures and videos. In today s world, social media is the main form of communication among young people. The latest controversy in social media is the negativeRead MoreSocial Media s Effect On A Young Woman s Body Image1298 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media’s Effect on a Young Woman’s Body Image Social media has become a pastime that consumes hours and hours of so many lives today. Most all women have been impacted in some kind of way by Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram and Twitter because they are using it on a daily basis. Some of these women do not even realize how much they have been negatively impacted by using social media. People see information posted that they would not have known if it were not for social media. SometimesRead MoreSocial Media Has a Negative Effect on Body Image and Self Esteem1202 Words   |  5 Pages Social media has become one of the most popular sources of communication for the upcoming generation. For young people growing up in today’s society, social media outlets such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter have provided pictures and news that have become the first thing that their eyes see in the morning and the last thing that they see before bed. These pictures have provided unrealistic standards as to what is considered beautiful in today’s society. As young people refer to these imagesRead MoreImproperly Redefining ‚Äà ºBeautiful‚Äà ¹: Social Media‚Äà ´s Profound Effect on Body Image1483 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Emily Muhlberg ENGL 112 Dr. Delony March 4, 2014 Improperly Redefining â€Å"Beautiful†: Social Media’s Profound Effect on Body Image The effects that social media outlets such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have on their viewers are widely varied, but in my opinion the most impactful message that viewers take away from their social media use is the proposed definition of what is â€Å"beautiful†. People are highly moldable beings who soak up what they are surrounded by, so it makes sense that aRead MoreSocial Media Allows People To Share Pictures And Ideas1057 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media allows people to share pictures and ideas with others across the world. Women and girls can use social media to earn approval for their appearance and compare themselves to others. Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image to decide what my view point was. After research, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’sRead MoreMedia s Im pact On Media Consumption Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesresources on the internet, 24 hours a day 7 days a week (XXXX). The rapid technological advancements has shifted the consumption of media from television, magazines and billboards to online digital media channels accessed via mobile devices, creating a ‘bedroom culture’ (Sumner, 2016) for many. The shift in media consumption has particularly been induced by the emergence of Social Networking Sites as well as other online platforms, which have become an integral part of our daily lives. SNS enable users toRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Young Girls And Women Alike1474 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media plays an immense role in the way that stereotypes about attractiveness is conveyed in regards to body image. As Gerbner and Gross wrote in 1976, the cultivation theory states that high frequency viewers of television are more susceptible to media messages and the belief that they are real and valid. The sub jection to social media can cause an idealistic view amongst young girls and women alike. Among the mechanisms of human agency none is more central or pervasive than beliefs of personal

Properties of complex ions Essay Example For Students

Properties of complex ions Essay Outline1 Purpose2 Introduction3 Method4 Part A:5 Part B:6 Discussion7 Decisions8 Mentions Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to look into some belongingss of ionic composite compounds which contain H2O molecules, viz. experiments of bluish Cu ( II ) sulfate hydrated. The figure of co-ordinated H2O will be determined. Introduction The computation of the value of x ( the figure of combined H2O ) is based on the relative molecule mass ( Mr ) and the mole . Lister and Renshaw ( 2000 ) stated that, Mr is the mass of a molecule compared to the mass of 1 H atom, and is the amount of the comparative atomic mass. The figure of moles peers ( mass in gm ) / Mr. The comparative atomic mass of Cu, H, O and S are 63.5, 1, 16 and 32 severally and CuSO4 is 160. ( Lister and Renshaw, 2000 ) . Copper ( Cu ) is a d-block component in The Periodic Table, and is a member of passage elements. Lister and Renshaw ( 2000 ) pointed out that passage elements including Cu has several particular belongingss of which are normally coloured compared to s-block metals and have ability of organizing complex with dative bonds. In Cu s complex, other molecules such as NH3 which has lone brace can organize dative bonds with Cu, and these molecules are called ligands. Such H2O, NH3 and Cl- are ligands ( Lister and Renshaw, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Clark ( 2000 ) , dative covalent bond which is besides called co-ordinate bond, is a covalent bond ( portion a brace of negatrons ) where both negatrons are supplied by the same atom. Normally, a lone brace ( unshared brace of negatrons ) is recognized cation such as Cu ( II ) in order to assist to obtain a full outer shell ( Lister and Renshaw, 2000 ) . A typical illustration is NH3 in which has a lone brace to organize dative bond. Hydrated salts are compounds containing H2O molecules ( Farlex Inc. , 2009 ) . When a crystal of the substance signifiers, some Waterss are combined. They will be driven off when the crystal is heated, and becomes an anhydrous salt. A typical illustration is Cu ( II ) sulfate. Harmonizing to Bennett ( 1998 ) , hydrated Cu ( II ) sulfate has four Waterss directly bound to the Cu ( by dative bonds ) and forms a Cu ( H2O ) 42+ ion foremost. In that ion, the Cu is lying at the centre of a square surrounded by the Os of the H2O. One sulfate ion and one H2O are bonded each other by H bond and connect with Cu ( H2O ) 42+ as a line. Hydrated Cu ( II ) sulfate becomes anhydrous with the expression below: CuSO4†¢xH2O ( s ) gt ; CuSO4 ( s ) + xH2O ( cubic decimeter ) A important nature of passage elements ( T.E. ) including Cu is that they are coloured. Lister and Renshaw ( 2000 ) stated that this characteristic is caused by the energy spread between two energy degrees in vitamin D orbital, which T.E. all have, and the energy spread need to absorb light energy to be filled. A equation that E=hv where E refers to energy spread, H is a changeless and V is the frequence, shows that if the V of the substances are in the part of seeable in the spectrum, the remainder visible radiations ( non be absorbed ) will look as the substances coloring material. It is the ligands that make the difference of energy degree. Harmonizing to Clark. J ( 2000 ) , when ligands such as H2O, NH3 and Cl- approach the ions of T.E. , there is a repulsive force between the negatrons form ligands and 500 orbital of T.E. , as a consequence, the ligands split the energy into two groups, of which a group have promote to a higher energy degree that make a spread. Method The beginning of this method is Lane, R ( 2009 ) These chemical were provided: Copper Sulphate ( s ) , concentrated hydrochloric acid ( cubic decimeter ) and ammonia solution ( cubic decimeter ) Software Requirements Specification on E-Library Sample EssayCu2+ ( aq ) + 2NH4 +OH- ( aq ) gt ; Cu ( OH ) 2 ( s ) + 2NH4+ ( aq ) Then a reversible equation Cu ( OH ) 2 ( s ) + 2NH4 +OH- ( aq ) gt ; 2+ ( aq ) + 4H2O ( cubic decimeter ) There some mistakes found during this experiment. While dehydrating the Cu ( II ) sulphate the 3rd clip, the desiccator was non covered, ensuing in the wet blending with anhydrous Cu ( II ) sulfate, so that the concluding record was greater than outlook. To better, the whole experiment should be conducted in highly dry status in order to acquire rid of H2O. Decisions The value of x is five, which means five H2O molecules are combined with one Cu ( II ) sulfate. Copper ( II ) sulfate can respond with hydrochloric acid, bring forthing a green composite with dative bonds. Similarly, the reaction between Cu ( II ) sulfate and ammonia solution is relevant to organize bonds and has two stairss, signifiers indigo complex. Mentions Bennett, B ( 1998 ) What is Blue Vitriol General Chemist Online! hypertext transfer protocol: //antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/blue-vitriol.shtml ( 2010/1/3 ) Clark. J ( 2000 ) the colors of complex metal ions Chemguide hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/complexions/colour.html ( 2010/1/3 ) Clark. J ( 2000 ) co-ordinate ( dative covalent ) adhering Chemguide hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/dative.html ( 2009/12/27 ) Farlex Inc. , ( 2009 ) Hydrate the Free dictionary hypertext transfer protocol: //encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hydrate+salt ( 2009/12/27 ) Lane, R ( 2009 ) Chemistry Practical 2: Complex Ions of Copper ( II ) Handout Lane, R ( 2009 ) Chemistry Notes Lister. T and Renshaw. J ( 2000 ) Chemistry for Advanced Level ( 3rd Edition ) London: Stanley Thornes ( Publishers ) Ltd

When Rainclouds Gather free essay sample

He hated Gilbert for having Makhaya on his farm. He is irrational. He thinks that Gilbert brought Makhaya to Botswana to muder him. Chief Matenje is Gilberts â€Å"dangerous enemy†. He wants to â€Å"bring guns into the country†. George Appelby- Smith wants to lock him up in prison. He likes it when people find him apprehensive. Makaya saw him as a man â€Å"without love and without hope. † He has a very bad â€Å"temper† and Dinorego believes that this wil one day cause his death. He accuses Makhaya of being cowardly and â€Å"running after his master, the white man. † He is bigot. He had a heart attack when he heard that Makhaya got his residence permit. He is a mercenary. He disliked it when the villagers showed independence; selling meat, growing crops and drying tobacco to make money. The villagers did not want to harm their chief, Chief Matenje. Chief Matenje was afraid when he saw the villagers in his yard. We will write a custom essay sample on When Rainclouds Gather or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He committed suicide. To save his brothers image Chief Sekoto told everyone he died of a heart attack. The people of Golema Mmidi now knew that they are free. Chief Matenje is a very good example of corrupt leadership. He is the chief of a village called, Golema Mmidi. He represents â€Å"old Africa† at it’s worst. How is he an example of corrupt leadership? Chief Matenje is seen as an evil, greedy man (Head 2006). Where a chief or leader is supposed to empowering and generous, he is exactly the opposite. He hates the people of his village and would therefore do anything in his power to keep them afflicted and distressed. He does not want them to transcend, make money with their own innovative ideas, show independence and stand together as a community. He believed that as long as I they asked for his permission he could take advantage of the situation and make them pay for whatever they wanted to pursue. This way he ensured that they will always be â€Å"stuck† where they are, vulnerable by his power and dependent of his permission. They would never truly be free from his authority. Let’s take the example of young Makhaya, a refugee from South Africa that came into Botswana for a new life. Chief Matenje felt endangered when he heard this news. He even had a heart attack when he heard that Makhaya has his residence permit (Head 2006; 25). He wanted to get rid of Makhaya because he knew Makhaya would support Gilbert in creating and maintaining work for the community, learning them about agriculture (Head 2006; 62), keeping positive attitudes, harmony and independence. A good leader, in my opinion, would have seen this as a great contingency for the village and their inhabitants. But Chief Matenje only showed interest in his own desires and needs. He stole the villagers land and their money. He is a thief not a chief. And what about the fact that he tried to bring weapons into Botswana (Head 2006; 20)? This immediately creates suspicion. Why would a leader do that if there were no war or conflict in the country? It is to protect himself and his interests. To scare the people of Golema Mmidi, or those who oppose his ways. Was he planning on killing Gilbert and Makhaya if they did not leave the country (Head 2006; 18, 22)? A leader would not want conflict where people are flourishing, growing and making progress. Where they are learning and providing for themselves. Chief Matenje is cynical and callous and has no mercy for his proximate. He wanted to disrupt the harmony of a peaceful community, putting his needs above theirs.

Foundational Sources and Purposes of Authority

Question: Discuss about the Foundational Sources and Purposes of Authority. Answer: Introduction: In this paper we state the comparison between the three legal systems and also clarify how Australian legal system is different from other two legal systems that is Talmudic system and Madayin system. Talmudic system is considered as traditional legal system and Madayin system is considered as customary law of aboriginal people in Australia. Australian legal system is completely different from these two systems as it is based on doctrine of separation of power. In this paper we also state the similarities and difference between these three systems. Subsequently, essay is concluded with brief conclusion. Talmudic legal system: Two general categories of values are recognized in Talmudic law, one states the duties of man derived from the relationship of men and God and other category states the duties of men derived from the relationship of men and his neighbor. It must be noted that regulations which deals with the relationship of men and god are considered as implementation of teachings of Jewish in theology[1]. This main intention of this law is to deepen the consciousness of men by repeated actions in those doctrines in which they feel protected and respected. Therefore, Talmudic law confers holy orders related to the repeating actions of shema twice a day morning and evening because it affirms the unity of god. This law established the ritual of daily prayer on both private and public basis, and it also frames specific law related to benedictions of consuming different foods. From the adoption of these rituals man get awareness that he is surviving in the world made by God and he must be great full for the enjoyment of privilege provided by god as blessings. Accepting all the things offered by men without giving a thought what we owe to god is considered as ingrate and selfish. As stated by rabbis, it is forbidden for men to enjoy the blessings provided by god without prayer[2]. Jurisdiction of Talmudic law: Talmudic Law is completely different from other jurisdiction systems and it is determine as all-inclusive character. This system of law is differs because of its inclusive characters from other systems of jurisprudence. Usually, this system of law try to implement the values stated in Judaism, no matter those values derive from religion or morality. The main aim of this legal system is to enforce those doctrines and conduct which is considered by rabbis as indispensable to the life of individual or the community. This system of law connects itself with doctrine but it does not establish any kind of teachings which must be believed as true. Talmudic law provides great freedom to the individual existed in the Jewish community because individuals can follow their own perception stated by their heart and mind. Number of literatures are presented which expounding the basic conviction of Judaism, and diversities of thought and interpretation of tradition was determine as important source of strength in the tradition of Jewish community. This law stated that it is not possible to communicate the truth through one easy formula. As fire breaks in many sparks, in similar manner truth breaks into number of fragmentary truths, and such truth are caught by different human minds. Talmudic law is based on the discipline of actions but actions stated by this law were considered indispensable in their way of life. Madayin Legal System: This legal system is continuously maintained by the Aboriginal Yolngu people of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, and this system is considered as holistic system of legal, religious and political authority. In recent years, number of information was released in public related to Madayin law, and because of this large number of people knows about the Madayin law. Madayin Law is considered as holistic system of authority, and usually it is the form of law which is considered as customary law of Aboriginals. In Australia, few studies and recordings related to Madayin law has been occurred. The main issue faced by researchers while conducting the study of Madayin law was secrecy, as this law has been kept as secret by its people. Breach of secrecy of this form of law was considered as great offence and this act either punished by death or other severe punishments[4]. However, this situation has been changed in the year of 2011 and 2012 when two Yolngu law leaders named as Gaymarani George Pascoe and James Gaykamangu published two articles on Madayin law in the English language. These articles was published for both Yolngu and non-Yolngu readers, and also for the lawyers and parliamentarians, for the purpose of facilitating discussion related to recognition of Madayin in Australian law. For the purpose of preceding the article written by Gaykamangus, 200 members of his clan and others showed a sacred Ngarra painting related to Madayin law named as rangga before the parliament of NT and Supreme Court. In Madayin, Ngarra is the largest and most unifying institution. Before the presentation that painting was secret. Because of the secrets related to Madayin law was revealed by both the writers o the public, now sources, notions and functions of Madayin authority are able to analyze the law in comparative manner by the reference to Australian legal authority and Christian authority[5]. Madayin claims that origin of their law was exists or brought into existence at the time of the beginning of the earth by their ancestors. And successive generation of Yolngu participates in the Madayin till the present time. Therefore, this system of law was considered as most established normative system in Arnhem Land. As per Gaykamangu, when the concept of law was not introduced by the world, it was Madayin law which created this country, and Gondarra Stated that this law was introduced by wangarr, which is the highest authority of the universe. It is not possible to translate the short meaning of Wangarr into English but it may be translated as ancestral past and ancestral being. Wangarr provide Madayin or Sacred law to its each clan such as chants, dances, sacred objects, paintings and power, and also secret names. These ancestral beings are celebrated in the poetic chants stylized as dance performances during the time of their religious ceremonies. As per the belief stated in Yolngu, each Yolngu has two spirits, and in these two spirits one spirit is returned to the highest authority of universe that is Wangarr after the death of the person and second evil is considered as evil which was driven away from the body of deceased[6]. Australian Legal system: Australia is a country in which parliamentary democracy is sustained. The constitution of Australia of 1901 established federal system of government and under this system power is divided between the national government that is the commonwealth and the six states. Constitution of Australia play important role because it defines the boundaries related to power imposed for law making between the national government and the six states. Not only states but there are three self-governing territories also known as Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory, and Norfolk Island. Legal system of Australia was derived from common law system which was introduced by England during the period of colonization. Cases and legislations are the two important sources of law of Australia. Cases known as the decisions made by judges in the court and legislation are the legal rules made by parliament[7]. Lot of power is needed to govern country like Australia, and as per constitution of Australia these powers are divided between three groups as stated above for the purpose of balancing each other. Each group has to check the power of other two groups. The main aim of this division is to prevent one person or group to exercise all the power related to govern Australia. For example, legislative have power to make laws, executive administering and implementing those laws, and judiciary applied those laws to individual cases. Under the constitution of commonwealth power of legislature is imposed under parliament, executive power is imposed under the crown, and power related to judiciary under the courts[8]. Purpose and scope of authorities: The parliament- constitution of Australia imposed legislative power of the commonwealth to the parliament. In other words, parliament has power to make laws. Structure of parliament consists of the queen, represented by the Governor-General, and it also includes two houses named as House of representative and the senate[9]. Parliament has power to pass legislation, and proposed laws need to be passed by both the houses of parliament to become law. Both the houses of parliament have equal power but there is an exception to this concept which imposed some restrictions on the House of Senate for the purpose of introducing or amending some kind of financial legislations. The executive- As per the constitution of the Australia, executive power of the commonwealth is imposed in the Queen and this power is exercised by the Governor-General as the representative of the queen. However, constitution alone cannot provide realistic understanding related to Australias executive government, and it must be noted that only reading of constitution can mislead the facts related to executive government[10]. The judiciary- constitution of Australia imposed the judicial power of commonwealth in the High Court and other federal courts, these institutions has power to interpret the laws and also to judge whether these laws are applied in individual cases. Constitution established the High Court, Parliament of Australia established the other Federal Courts by passing legislation. Judges in these Courts are appointed by Governor-General by acting on the advice provided by Prime Ministers and Cabinet. Only governor-General has power to remove these Judges by following the removal request made by both the Houses of Parliament, on the ground of misbehavior or incapacity which must be proved[11]. Difference and similarities between these three legal systems: Difference- Doctrine of separation of power is applicable in both Madayin law and Australian legal system but this doctrine is applicable in different manner. In Madayin law the power and responsibility is separated in three arms of government. In Madayin law system is considered as holistic normative system, and this system regulates most conceivable areas of life especially life of tribal people in Yolngu and it also collaborate with other normative systems. Generally, Madayin relates with mythical religious origins for deriving its primary source of authority, and this concept related to religion is still maintained in Ngarra practice. The main aim of Madayin law is to ensuring peace, and it is expected from Ngarra leaders that they accomplish this aim by their leadership skills. Therefore, concept of Madayin law is translated as balancing and peace and it is used for local jurisdiction of Arnhem Land[12]. The difference between three Authorities is derived on the basis of doctrine of separation of power which states the ways through which law gives power to the different arms of government in Australia. The main aim of this doctrine is to ensure fair government and also state the accountability of each arm by distributing the power in such manner as it checks and balance the use of power. Under rule of law it is necessary that use of power is lawful and it can be challenged. Under this doctrine power is balanced between the three arms that are parliament, executive, and judiciary so that each can check the power utilized by other[13]. On the other hand, legislature includes two houses that is Houses of Parliament and the representatives, and they are responsible to drafting laws, debating, and make amendments in existing laws[14]. The Talmudic law is also considered as religious law, and the basis of this law was Torah that was revealed by god, and the supreme source of Talmudic law is god itself. The Talmud states no difference between religious law and secular law, and this system of law mainly confirms traditional customs of ancient people especially people live in East[15]. The result of this diversification was wide range and close articulation of the Talmudic system, and the commandments of religious influenced secular law. Therefore, it is not possible to state the difference between religious and secular law. Similarities- there are number of similarities between the three legal systems such as all the systems ensure protection of human rights and human dignity. As stated above Talmudic law is considered as religious and secular law, which not only applying the teachings of Jewish but it also allowed individuals to follow the path directed by their heart and mind. In other words, Talmudic law does not impose any restriction on individual for following any belief. In similar way Australian legal system ensures protection of human rights and it also allowed individual to follow path directed by their heart and mind, and it does not impose any restriction on individual[16]. Conclusion: The three legal systems are completely different from each other but they serve the similar purpose and ensure human rights protection of individual. After considering the above facts it is clear that three laws serve similar purpose but in different way. In Talmudic law the main of authorities is to encourage the religious faith, in Australian legal system the main purpose of government is to ensure protection of human rights and dignity be separating power between the authorities. On the other hand, in Madayin law traditional customs of aboriginal peoples are followed and protected. Therefore, it is clear that all three legal systems are completely different but somewhere they ensure human rights protection and dignity. References: ANU, Law: Australian legal system, https://libguides.anu.edu.au/c.php?g=464979p=3179892, Accessed on 17th April 2014. Asher Maoz, the impact of jewish law on contemporary legal systems with special reference to human rights, https://www.olir.it/areetematiche/73/documents/maoz_milano2003.pdf, Accessed on 17th April 2017. Australianpolitics.com, Executive Government Overview, https://australianpolitics.com/executive/overview, Accessed on 17th April 2017. Danial Terence Kelly, Law from the earth, law from the demos and law from heaven: nature and intersections of authority of Madayin, Australian law and Christianity in Arnhem Land, https://espace.cdu.edu.au/eserv/cdu:55208/Thesis_CDU_55208_Kelly_D.pdf, Accessed on 17th April 2017. Djiniyini Gondarra Richard Trudgen, The assent law of the First people: Principles of effective legal system in Aboriginal communities, https://www.yolngunations.org/uploads/1/7/2/5/17257560/assent_law_of_the_first_people_0211.pdf, Accessed on 17th April 2016. Dr Danial Kelly , Foundational Sources And Purposes Of Authority In Madayin, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/VicULawJJl/2014/4.pdf, Accessed on 17 th April 2017. George Pascoe Gaymarani, An introduction to the Ngarra law of Arnhem Land, https://nationalunitygovernment.org/pdf/ngarra.pdf, Accessed on 17th April 2017. Hanina Ben-Menahem, Is Talmudic Law a Religious Legal System? A Provisional Analysis, (2016). 24 J. L. Religion 379 (2008-2009). Jewish Virtual library, Judaism: The Oral Law -Talmud Mishna, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-oral-law-talmud-and-mishna, Accessed on 17th April 2016. Law teacher, Australia's Legal System, https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/australian-law/australias-legal-system.php, Accessed on 17th April 2017. molly greenfeld, the asymmetry of the separation of powers doctrine in australia, The Western Australian Jurist, vol 3, 2012. Parliament of Australia, About Parliament, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament, Accessed on 17th April 2017. Parliament of Australia, The Role of the Judiciary, https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/explore/education/factsheets/Factsheet_5.1_RoleOfTheJudiciary.pdf, Accessed on 17th April 2017. Republic of Australia, The Separation of Powers Why Is It Necessary, https://www.parlament.gv.at/ENGL/PERK/PARL/POL/ParluGewaltenteilung/index.shtml. Accessed on 17TH April 2017. Wilhelm Bacher Ludwig Blau, TALMUDIC LAW, https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14216-talmudic-law, Accessed on 17th April 2017. Zion Bokser, The Wisdom of the Talmud, https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/wott/wott09.htm, Accessed on 17th April 2016.

Mardi Gras Essay Example

Mardi Gras Essay Mardi Gras The feast before the fast | | Mardi Gras means Fat Tuesday. Traditionally, it is the last day for Catholics to indulge—and often overindulge—before Ash Wednesday starts the sober weeks of fasting that come with Lent. Formally known as Shrove Tuesday, Mardi gras has long been a time of extravagant fun for European Christians. In the United States, Mardi gras draws millions of fun-seekers to New Orleans every year. Mardi gras has been celebrated in New Orleans on a grand scale, with masked balls and colourful parades, since French settlers arrived in the early 1700s. Hidden behind masks, people behaved so raucously that for decades in the early 19th century masks were deemed illegal in that party-loving city. Masks, Music, and Mayhem French royals, feather-covered showgirls, Energizer bunnies, painted clowns, masked lions—you can find them all (and countless others) in the streets of New Orleans at Mardi gras. By dawn on that most famous Tuesday, people have claimed the best spots on the streets to watch fabulous floats, outrageous performers, and visiting celebrities go by. Many travel hundreds of miles to be a part of the excitement. Marching bands, some of them founded more than a century ago, also take to the streets with music and festive dress. They open the day by spreading jazz music through the city before the more than 350 floats and 15,000 costumed paraders take over the scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Mardi Gras specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mardi Gras specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mardi Gras specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Crazy costumes and wild make-up are the order of the day for paraders and parade-watchers alike. King’s Cake In some countries, King’s Cake — which is a wreath shaped purple, green, and gold cake — is eaten for six weeks. The traditional Mardi gras food usually has a baby Jesus baked into it, and whoever eats the piece with the figurine is believed to have good luck for the rest of the year. Parade Floats The tradition of floats handing stuff out to Parade onlookers started in Renaissance Europe. Back then, parade participants received ale, meat, and even grain. Now it’s different, lol, which people throwing beads. Beaded Necklaces The tradition of throwing beaded necklaces started in the early 1900s, when a float had a Santa Claus throwing glass beaded necklaces into the crowd. It was such a hit, that it soon became a tradition, and that is exactly what Mardi Gras is known for today.

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Vocabulary Terms

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Vocabulary Terms Betty Smiths first novel,  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, tells the coming-of-age story of Francie Nolan and her second-generation immigrant parents struggling to provide for their family. Its widely believed Smith herself was the basis for the character of Francie. Heres a vocabulary list from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Use these terms for reference, study, and discussion. Chapters I-VI: tenement: an apartment building, usually in a low-income area, that is without luxury amenities ragamuffin: a child whose appearance is unkempt and uncivilized cambric: a finely woven white linen interminable: long and dull with little sign of ending (or terminating) premonition: a warning or feeling about something that will happen in the future (usually negative) vestibule: a reception area or foyer, often in a school or church Chapters VII-XIV: fetching: attractive or pretty, beguiling peculiar: unusual or suprising, out of the ordinary bucolic: of or in the countryside, literally a shepherd or cowhand sprig small shoot or twig of a plant, usually decorative or garnish filigree: a delicate ornamentation or detail usually gold or silver, on jewelry banshee: from Irish folklore,  a female spirit whose high-pitched wailing signals an imminent death (on the) dole: unemployed and receiving benefits from the government. Chapters XV-XXIII: prodigious: impressively large, awesome languorous: without energy or liveliness, sluggish gallantly  do something in a brave or heroic way dubious: having doubt or uncertainty, skeptical horde: a large unruly crowd saunter  to walk at a leisurely pace relegate: to demote or assign to a lower category Chapters XXIV-XXIX: gratis: free, without cost contempt:  disrespectful dislike conjecture: opinion based on incomplete information, speculation surreptitious: secretive, sneaky vivacious: animated, lively, happy-go-lucky thwarted: prevented from accomplishing something, disappointed sodden: drenched, thoroughly soaked Chapters XXX-XXXVII:   lulled: calmed, settled down putrid: decaying with a foul odor   debonair: sophisticated, charming lament: to mourn, or feel sad about a loss fastidious: having exacting attention to detail Chapters XXXIII-XLII: contrite: apologetic, feeling sincere regret for a misdeed contorted: twisted or misshapen infinitesimal: so small as to be irrelevant or unmeasurable Chapters XLIII-XLVI:   contemptuously: disrespectfully, disdainfully poignant: creating or evoking a feeling of sadness or empathy genuflect: to kneel and show deference or reverence especially in a house of worship vestment: garment worn by a member of clergy or religious order Chapters XLVII-LIII: vaudeville: variety show with comedic and slapstick performances rhetorically: speaking in a theoretical or speculative manner, not literally mollify: to pacify or appease matriculate: to enroll and pass through a school or course of study munitions: collection of weapons Chapters LV-LVI: prohibition: forbidding, or, period in American history when alcohol was illegal. jauntily: cheerful and arrogant, lively sachet: small perfumed bag This vocabulary list is just one part of our study guide on A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Please see the links below for other helpful resources: Review: A Tree Grows in BrooklynQuotes from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

Positive Reinforcement to Increase Academic Performance

Positive Reinforcement to Increase Academic Performance Reinforcement is the means by which behavior is increased. Also known as consequences, positive reinforcement adds something that will make it more likely the behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is when something is removed, it is more likely to continue. The Reinforcement Continuum Reinforcement happens all the time. Some reinforcement occurs because the item or activity is naturally reinforcing. At the highest end of reinforcement, reinforcers are social or intrinsic, such as praise or self-esteem. Young children, or children with low cognitive or social functioning, may require primary reinforcers, such as food or preferred items. During the course of instruction primary reinforcers should be paired with secondary reinforcers. Primary Reinforcers: Primary reinforcers are things that reinforce behavior that provide immediate gratification, such as food, water or a preferred activity. Often very young children or children with severe disabilities need primary reinforcers in order to be engaged in an educational program. Food can be a powerful reinforcer, especially preferred food, such as fruit or candy. Often young children with severe disabilities or very low social functioning are started with preferred foods, but they need to be paired with secondary reinforcers, especially praise and social interaction. Physical stimulation, like piggyback rides or airplane rides are primary reinforcers that pair the therapist or teacher with the reinforcer. One of the principal goals of a therapist or teacher is for the therapist or teacher to become a secondary reinforcer for the child. When the therapist becomes a reinforcer for the child, it becomes easier for the child to generalize secondary reinforcers, like praise, across environments. Pairing primary reinforcers with tokens is also a powerful way to replace primary reinforcers with secondary reinforcers. A student earns tokens toward a preferred item, activity or perhaps food as part of their educational or therapy program. The token is also paired with secondary reinforcement, like praise, and moves the child toward appropriate behavior. Secondary Reinforcers:  Secondary reinforcers are learned reinforcers. Awards, praise and other social reinforcers are all learned. If students have not learned the value of secondary reinforcement, such as praise or rewards, they need to be paired with primary reinforcers: a child earns a preferred item by earning stars. Soon the social status and attention that go with stars will transfer to the stars, and other secondary reinforcers like stickers and awards will become effective. Children with autism spectrum disorders lack an understanding of social interaction and do not value praise or other secondary reinforcement because they lack Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to understand that another human has emotions, thoughts and is motivated by personal self-interest. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder need to be taught the value of secondary reinforcers by having them paired with preferred items, food, and preferred activities. Intrinsic Reinforcement: The final goal of reinforcement is for students to learn to evaluate themselves and reward themselves with intrinsic reinforcement, the feeling a person gets from a job well done, for successfully completing a task. Still, we need to remember that people do not spend 12 years in college, medical school and residency just for the honor of being addressed as doctor. They are also hoping to earn the big bucks, and rightly so. Still, when intrinsic rewards accompany employment, as in being a special education teacher, they may compensate for some of the lack of status and income. The ability to discover intrinsic reinforcement in many activities that lead to the big bucks does, however, bode well for future success. Socially Valid Reinforcers Socially valid reinforcers refer to reinforcement schedules that are age appropriate. Seeking reinforcers that do not set students apart from typically developing peers in their age group is really part of providing FAPE- a Free, Appropriate Public Education- a legal underpinning of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 1994 (IDEIA.) For students in middle school or high school, putting Super Mario stickers on the backs of their hands is not age appropriate. Of course, students with the most difficult behavior, or those who do not respond to secondary reinforcement need to have reinforcers that can be paired with social reinforcement and faded as more socially acceptable reinforcement can take its place. Socially valid reinforcement can also help students understand what is cool or acceptable to typical peers. Rather than letting middle school aged students watch a Telletubbies video as a reinforcer, how about a National Geographic video about bears? Or perhaps anime cartoons? Identifying High Preference Reinforcers In order for reinforcement to be effective, it has to be something the student or students find reinforcing. Stars on a chart might work for typical 2nd graders, but not for second graders with a severe disability. They certainly wont work for high school students, unless they get to trade them for something they really want. There are several ways to discover reinforcers. Ask Parents: If you teach students who are not communicating, students with severe cognitive disabilities or autism spectrum disorders, you should be sure to interview parents before the students come to you, so you have some of their favorite things. Often offering a favorite toy for a brief period is a strong enough reinforcer to keep a young student on task.An Informal Preference Assessment: Lay a number of things that children of the same age enjoy playing with and watch what a student shows the most interest in. You may seek similar toys. Also, other items that have shown to be of interest, like toys that light up when you squeeze them, or accordion tubes that make noises when you pull them can be shown and modeled to students to see if they gain their attention. These items are available through catalogs that specialize in providing resources for children with disabilities, such as Abilitations.Observation: What does a child choose to use? What activities do they seem to prefer ? I had a child in an early intervention program who had a pet turtle. We had a nicely painted model turtle of vinyl, and he would work for an opportunity to hold the turtle. With older children, you will find they may have a Thomas the Tank Engine lunch bag, or a Cinderella Umbrella that they cherish, and Thomas and Cinderella may be good partners for reinforcement. Ask the Students: Find out what they find the most motivating. One way to do that is through Reinforcement Menus that  offer students things they can choose. When you collect them from a group, you can decide which items seem to be the most popular and arrange to make them available. A choice chart with the choices they have made can be very helpful, or you can create individual choice charts as I have for middle school students on the Autism Spectrum. If you want to control or limit the number of times they can make each choice (especially computer time, when you have limited computers for a large group) you could also make tickets with strips at the bottom to tear off, a little like the postings for used cars at the Laundromat.

Isabella of Portugal (1503 - 1539), Habsburg Queen

Isabella of Portugal (1503 - 1539), Habsburg Queen Isabella of Portugal Facts Known for: regent of Spain during long absences of her husband, Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorTitles: Empress, Holy Roman Empire; Queen of Germany, Spain, Naples, and Sicily; Duchess of Burgundy; princess (Infanta) of PortugalDates: October 24, 1503 - May 1, 1539 Background, Family: Mother: Maria of Castile and Aragon Maternal grandparents: Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.Maria was the second wife of Manuel IManuels first wife, Isabella, Princess of Asturias, was Marias sister,  the eldest daughter of Isabella I and Ferdinand IIManuels third wife, Eleanor of Austria, was a niece of both Maria and Isabella, Manuels wives Father: Manuel I of Portugal Paternal grandfather: Ferdinand, Duke of ViseuPaternal grandmother: Beatrice of PortugalBeatrice was a sister-in-law and first cousin of Afonso V of Portugal, and mother-in-law and second cousin of John II of PortugalBeatrices sister, also called  Isabella of Portugal, married John II of Castile, and was the mother of Isabella IManuel succeeded his first cousin, John II of Portugal, who was married to Manuels sister, Eleanor of ViseuManuels older brother, Diogo, was stabbed to death by John II Siblings of Isabella of Portugal: Miguel de Paz, Prince of Portugal and AsturiasJohn III of PortugalBeatrice, Duchess of SavoyLouisFerdinandCardinal AfonsoHenryEdwardMaria, Duchess of Viseau Marriage, Children: Husband: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (married March 11, 1526) Charles was Isabellas first cousinhis father was Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy and Holy Roman Emperorhis mother was Joanna of Castile (known as Juana the Mad), a sister of Isabellas mother, Maria, both daughters of Isabella I and Ferdinand IIIsabellas brother, John III of Portugal, had earlier married Catherine of Austria, sister of Charles V, in 1525 Children: Philip II of Spain (1527 - 1598), who married four times: Maria Manuela of Portugal, Mary I of England, Elizabeth of France, and Anna of AustriaMaria (1528 - 1603), Holy Roman Empress, married to Maximilian II, her first cousinJoan of Austria  (1535 - 1573), who married her double first cousin, John (Joo Manuel) of Portugal; their child was King Sebastian of Portugal, who died without childrenThree children who were stillborn or died in infancy: Ferdinand (1529 - 1530), John (1537 - 1538), and an unnamed son (1539) Isabella of Portugal Biography: Isabella was born the second of the children of Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Castile and Aragon.  She was born in a year of sharp decline in  her grandmother, Isabella I of Castile, who died the next year. Marriage When her father died in 1521, her brother, John III of Portugal, negotiated a marriage with Catherine of Austria, sister of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. That marriage took place in 1525, by which time negotiations had arranged for Charles to marry Isabella. They were married on March 10, 1526, at the  Alczar, a Moorish palace. John III and Isabella, brother and sister, were first cousins of the sister and brother they married: they were all grandchildren of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, whose marriage united Spain. Isabella and Charles may have married for financial and dynastic reasons she brought a large dowry to Spain but letters of the time show that their relationship was more than just a marriage of convenience. Charles V is known for creating a world empire, molding a great Habsburg empire which was rooted in Spain rather than in Germany.  Before his marriage to Isabella, other marriages had been explored for him, including marrying a daughter of Louis XII and a sister, Mary Tudor, of Henry VIII of England, a Hungarian princess.  Mary Tudor married the King of France, but after she was widowed, talks had begun to marry her to Charles V.  When the alliance of Henry VIII and Charles V fell apart, and Charles was still in conflict with France, the marriage with Isabella of Portugal was the logical choice. Isabella has been described as frail and delicate from the time of her marriage. They shared religious piety.   Children and Legacy During Charles absences from Spain in 1529-1532 and 1535-1539, Isabella served as his regent. They had six children, of whom the first, third and fifth survived to adulthood. During one of Charles absences, Isabella died after giving birth to her sixth child, a stillbirth. She was buried at Granada. Charles did not remarry, though that was the usual custom for rulers.  He wore mourning black until his death. He later built a royal tomb, where the remains of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal are together with those of Charles mother, Juana, two of his sisters, two of their children who died in infancy, and a daughter-in-law. Isabella  and Charles son Philip II became ruler of Spain, and in 1580, also became the ruler of Portugal.  This temporarily united the two Iberian countries. A portrait of Empress Isabella by Titian portrays her at her needlework, presumably waiting for the return of her husband. Joan of Austria and Sebastian of Portugal This daughter of Isabella of Portugal was the mother of the ill-fated Sebastian of Portugal and ruled Spain as regent for her brother Philip II. Known for:  Habsburg princess; regent of Spain for her brother,  Philip II Title by marriage:  Princess of PortugalDates:  June 24, 1535 - September 7, 1573Also known as:  Joan of Spain, Joanna, doà ±a Juana, Dona Joana Marriage, Children: husband: Infante John Manuel, Prince of Portugal (married 1552)one child:Sebastian  of Portugal (1554 - 1578) Joan of Austria Biography: Joan was born in Madrid. Her father was King of Aragon and King of Castile, the first to rule the united Spain, as well as Holy Roman Emperor. Joan was therefore also an Infanta of Spain as well as an Archduchess of Austria, part of the powerful Habsburg family. Joan was married in 1552 to John Manuel, Infante of Portugal and expected heir to that throne. He was her double first cousin. The Habsburg family tended to marry cousins; both their parents were also first cousins of each other. Joan and John Manuel shared the same grandmothers, who were sisters: Joanna I and Maria, daughters of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon. They also shared the same two grandfathers: Philip I of Castile and Manuel I of Portugal. 1554 1554 was a momentous year. John Manuel had always been sickly, surviving four brothers who died before him. On January 2, when Joan was pregnant with her first child, John Manuel died, of consumption or diabetes. He was only 16 years old. On the 20th of that month, Joan gave birth to their son Sebastian. When his paternal grandfather John III died three years later, Sebastian became king. His paternal grandmother, Catherine of Austria, was regent for Sebastian from 1557 to 1562. But Joan left later in 1554 for Spain, without her son. Her brother, Philip II, had married the English Queen Mary I, and Philip joined Mary in England. Joan never saw her son again, though they corresponded. Convent of the Poor Clares In 1557, Joan founded a convent for the Poor Clares, Our Lady of Consolation. She also supported the Jesuits. Joan died in 1578, only 38 years old, and was buried at the convent she had founded, which became known as the Convent of Las Descalzas Reales. Sebastian's Fate Sebastian never married, and died on August 4, 1578, in battle when attempting a crusade against Morocco. He was only 22 years old. Myths of his survival of the battle and imminent return led to him being called The Desired (o Desejado).

10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing 10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing 10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing By Mark Nichol English is a remarkably flexible language in terms of syntax, because a simple statement can be rendered in so many ways. Take, for example, the statement â€Å"I went for a walk,† and consider all the ways you can attach the additional information included in the statement, â€Å"I saw a dinosaur.† Here are just some of the most basic of many variations in syntactical organization: 1. Write the statements as consecutive sentences: â€Å"I went for a walk. I saw a dinosaur.† 2. Add the second statement to the first as a dependent clause: â€Å"I went for a walk and saw a dinosaur.† (The second statement does not stand on its own.) 3. Add the second statement to the first as an independent clause: â€Å"I went for a walk, and I saw a dinosaur.† (The second statement stands on its own, which means it can be separated into two sentences, as in the first example.) 4. Begin the sentence with a dependent marker that turns the initial statement into a modifying phrase that expands on the second statement: â€Å"While I was walking, I saw a dinosaur.† 5. Begin with the second statement and reword the first statement as a modifying phrase that follows it: â€Å"I saw a dinosaur on my walk this morning.† 6. Insert a nonessential phrase, which must be bracketed by commas, one of two ways: Locate the phrase between a pair of independent clauses (but after the coordinating conjunction), each consisting of one of the two statements: â€Å"I went for a walk and, to my surprise, I saw a dinosaur.† (Notice that â€Å"to my surprise,† which can be omitted without altering the sentence’s meaning, modifies the second statement and so must follow and; note, too, that the comma preceding the coordinating conjunction can be omitted.) Or, separate two statements with a nonessential phrase inserted before the coordinating conjunction: â€Å"I went for a walk, following my usual route, and I saw a dinosaur.† (Notice that â€Å"following my usual route,† which also does not alter the sentence’s meaning if it is omitted, modifies the first statement and so must precede and.) 7. Emphasize a nonessential phrase by bracketing it with em dashes to indicate an interruption of thought: â€Å"I went for a walk and no, I was not hallucinating I saw a dinosaur.† (Alternatively, to deemphasize the phrase, or for humorous effect, enclose it in parentheses.) 8. Insert an essential clause one whose absence would alter the meaning the sentence between two statements: â€Å"I went for a walk that followed my usual route and saw a dinosaur.† 9. Attach a variation of the second statement to the first, preceded by a semicolon when the second statement is an independent clause that is nevertheless closely associated with the first one: â€Å"I went for a walk; a dinosaur was grazing along my route.† 10. Separate two statements with a semicolon when the second statement is preceded by an adverb or an adverbial phrase, which requires a subsequent comma: â€Å"I went for a walk; unexpectedly, I saw a dinosaur along the way.† It is this rich variety of word and phrase order and variation in punctuation that makes prose fiction or nonfiction readable. As you review your writing, make sure that you vary sentence structure among these and other constructions to create a pleasant reading experience devoid of lockstep syntax questionable enough for a Dick-and-Jane reading level, and deadly for more sophisticated readers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Latin Plural Endings48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

The ETCHICAL Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The ETCHICAL Consumer Behavior - Essay Example l exhibitions of business, consumer behaviour is not static and shifts nearly continually; based upon current events, developments and culture, and a greater societal interpretation of what aspects should rank in what way. Rather than providing a purely theoretical discussion into consumer behaviour and motivations with respect to ethical and moral questions, the following analysis will consider three unique aspects of moral/ethical consumer behaviour and how they have impacted/continue to impact upon the way in which marketing and business development takes place within the current era. It is the further hope of this author that such a unit of analysis will be beneficial in seeking to understand and define the way in which ethical and moral considerations can be included within marketing approaches and how firms and business organizations can be reactive to the different needs that will be represented within this brief analysis. Firstly, before delving directly into the issue, it is necessary to understand that ethical and moral interpretations are deeply personal. Whereas it is true that a certain degree of similarity exists throughout society, the more relevant issue at hand has to do with the fact that cultural interpretation defines the way in which moral and ethical situations will be understood. Within such an understanding, the first section of this analysis will briefly engaged in an overview of the way in which culture impacts upon consumer behaviour and the manner through which different cultures will interpret ethical and moral issues and completely divergent ways (Lu et al., 2014). Similarly, the second portion of the analysis will delve directly in to the issues of ethics and morals that had been powerfully represented within a universal setting and impact upon the way in which firms engage with consumers. Naturally, these broad and overarching universal ethics and morals only represent those t hat are able to cross cultural lines and be represented

The final paper for ukrainian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The final paper for ukrainian - Essay Example Ukraine hoped to would become a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and European Union (EU). However, Ukraine has never fulfilled these expectations. From the year 2000 to the Orange revolution that occurred in 2004, the per capita GDP of Ukraine rose as compared to the GDP of its neighboring countries. The GDP rose from 61% to 68% (DeBardeleben and Crina 67). However, Ukraine’s GPD in 2013 declined precipitously. Notably, Ukraine’s economy was in recession in 2013. This recession has been noted to have increased in 2014 where the economy of Ukraine has experienced a 7% to 10% drop. This abrupt crisis is associated with the falling of average income and decline in the real GDP of Ukraine. The crisis is best evident in the collapse of the Ukrainian currency and the reduction of its foreign currency reserve. Notably, if a country’s currency collapses and there is little foreign exchange reserve obtainable, the crisis will escalate swiftly. However, since the beginning of this year, the Ukrainian currency has dropped by 20% in relative to the US dollar. This means that there is rising inflation for all the imported goods, less investment by businesses located in Ukraine, slower economic growth as less consumption spending by the Ukrainians. The collapse of the currency also means that the Ukrainian central bank has to raise the domestic interest rates. The rise in the domestic interest rates will slow the economy as the domestic investment and consumption decline further. The raising of the rates will decipher into slow direct foreign investment into the country. The collapse of Ukrainian currency is worsened by the loss if foreign currency reserve. Notably, foreign exchange is needed for making payments on bonds to the foreign investors

Malnutrition in the Eldery patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Malnutrition in the Eldery patient - Essay Example In a controlled study of 92 patients that underwent hip surgery, 27% of the 26 patients who had suffered from postoperative delirium were admitted to a nursing home within 3 months of discharge from hospital compared to 8% of the 66 non-delirious patients. McCusker et al .found no difference for admission rates to long-term care facilities between patients with delirium and a non-delirious control group (odds ratio 1.15; 95% confidence intervals 0.33-4.05). The odds ratio for admission to long-term care, however, increased to 3.18 (95% CI 1.19-8.49) for demented delirious patients. Also, in a study by Edelstein et al ,the 5.1% of 921 patients who became delirious after hip-fracture surgery were less likely to recover to their pre-fracture level of ambulation than non-delirious patients. In patients newly admitted to post-acute care facilities after discharge from hospital, persistent delirium symptoms were prevalent in 23% of patients, being associated with poor functional recovery. Cognitive decline is not only a predisposing factor for delirium, but it has also been shown that delirium independently worsens cognitive function. In both delirious and non-delirious patients who underwent hip surgery, the score on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) decreased significantly during hospital stay. In the delirious group, however, the average MMSE score decreased significantly more (from 23.06 to 20.44 points) than in the non-delirious group (from 26.74 to 25.83 points; P Diagnosis There is no evidence that the clinical picture of delirium in the elderly differs from that in younger patients, although symptoms of delirium may be more persistent and follow a more chronic course. In 193 medical inpatients aged 65 and over with delirium diagnosed at admission or during the first week in hospital, symptoms of delirium persisted up to 12 months after diagnosis, in patients both with and without dementia. Diagnosing delirium in demented patients may be hard due to the overlap in symptoms of delirium and dementia. Recently, malnutrition related syndromes were Dened such as sarcopenia, i.e. loss of muscle mass, and failure to thrive (FTT), i.e. involuntary loss of weight combined with functional decline. Both are also highly prevalent in geriatric patient and similarly caused by multiple risk factors, overlapping with malnutrition [6-8]. Malnutrition is a general term for the medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient ("undernourished") diet. An individual will experience malnutrition if the appropriate amount, kind or quality of nutrients comprising a healthy diet are not consumed for an extended period of time. An extended period of malnutrition will result in starvation. Malnutrition as the

Global Energy Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Energy Consumption - Essay Example As the report stresses  coal is a mineral that is mined either in underground mines or surface mines. Exploration is a process of gathering geological information from a number of different sources including existing data, seismic instrumentation, and geographical observation. Holes are drilled into the selected areas to determine the size and quality of the coal bed. Contributing to today's modern exploration methods are "microelectronics-based technology, such as; personal computers, digital down-hole logging, remote sensing, global-positioning systems, and vastly improved communications".This paper declares that  crude oil is drilled from wells located beneath the surface of the earth by forcing it up when pressure is applied inside the well. In addition, there are oil reserves beneath the oceans and other bodies of water that are tapped by offshore oilrigs. It is transported around the world on ships known as super-tankers, where it is off loaded at refineries typically built along the coast around the world. The quantity of oil, the quality, and the size of the oil field all impact the value of the field. Oil exploration is accomplished by utilizing the geological history of an area in conjunction with radar, sonar, sounding, and data acquisition techniques that look beneath the surface and reveal what may lie below.  Eventually, test wells are drilled to determine the depth of the oil, the quantity, and obtain more precise information on the layout of the field. ... Natural gas is a natural byproduct of fossil fuels and is found associated with oil fields and coal beds. A major problem with natural gas is transportation, which must be done primarily by pipeline. This limits it to inland applications, as trans-oceanic pipelines are impractical. Coal shale is a relatively new source of oil and extraction technologies are still being developed and improved. The process depends on the oil that is embedded in the rock and the sand where oil has accumulated. It is estimated that there is enough oil in the US oil shale reserves to meet our present oil demands for the next 200 years (The Benefits of Oil Shale Production, 2007). However, the process of grinding the shale rock and heating it to separate the material is an expensive process. In addition, moving the oil from the fields to the refineries within the US must be done by truck, and could also become expensive. At today's oil prices, it may be impractical, though with escalating demand and diminishing supplies its economic outlook may improve in the future (The Benefits of Oil Shale Production). In addition, it would free the US from the political concerns encountered when acquiring crude oil. There has recently been some debate within the Senate that would favor offshore oil drilling off the coast of the US. Advocates contend it is a necessary step to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. However, critics maintain that the amount is so limited and the production so far in the future that it will only have a marginal effect on supply or price (Jervis, Welch, & Wolf, 2008). In addition, environmentalists have objected to the lifting of

Appraising (Human Resource management) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appraising (Human Resource management) - Essay Example ld base the annual performance appraisal on both the performance shown by the employee till this point since the start of the year, and that shown by the employee from this point in the year onward till its end. In other words, the performance shown by the employee for the previous objectives whose duration is from the start till the middle of the year does not go waste. However, since it is a little complicated for the employee to abruptly exercise a radical change in his/her work responsibilities, it is imperative that the meetings between the manager and the employee from this point onwards till the end of the year are made more frequent. This means that if previously, two meetings were arranged, then after the change, there should be four meetings from the middle to the end of the year. This would provide the manager with an opportunity to monitor more closely whether the employee is working to achieve the new assigned goals or

Vancouver-Hollywood North vs the Loss of Canadian Identity Essay Example for Free

Vancouver-Hollywood North vs the Loss of Canadian Identity Essay Introduction: 1 Vancouver is being called â€Å"North Hollywood† because a vast of film producers decide to set up their shooting places at BC, Canada. Vancouver is deserved to be rewarded as this special title because it’s unique beauty of the diverse sceneries and the sophisticated filming technologies. These inputs have already attracted by Hollywood and lead the U.S. film industry entry into making the huge quantity of runaway production era. The 2001 Report concluded that the 1998 Canadian production incentive programs were very successful in attracting production from the U. S.A(StephenM.Katz, 2006, p.1). question has been brought into the public attention and this paper will mainly focus on: why does Canada not encourage their own domestic film industry, but would rather give foreign film industry tax incentives. Additionally, due to the growing number of American movies crushed into the Canadian entertainment market, this paper will also discuss both the positive and negative effects emerged under this issue. The tax incentive given by the Canadian government cannot be denied for one of the reason to turn BC as well known asNorth Hollywood: â€Å" Foreign production companies will see the Production Services Tax Credit jump to 25%, with an unchanged 6% bonus for work done outside the Vancouver area.†(BC Announce 35% Film Incentive Credit, 2008). Actually, not only BC is doing such things but also New Zealand. Newman illustrates The film and television production industry is significant in both New Zealand and British Columbia. Governments in both localities provide substantial support for the industry through government agencies and tax  incentives.(Newman.D,2005,abstract).Currently, BC is directly toward into a service-oriented country by providing the U.S. big financial profits. This strategy seems to become a really effective approach to enlarge their awareness toward the global without promoting their own film industry but rather borrowing their beauty to U.S. Takaki and Shoot explains that some of the U.S. Film associations like SAG (Screen Actors Guide) and FTAC (Television Actions Committee) already had an unpleasant attitude toward the Canadian federal governments tax incentive legislation (Takaki,MillieShoot, FilmTelevision,2001). They are not encourage the U.S. film industry to do the runaway productions in order to persist the U.S. rights and promoting their own movie domestically. Currently, there are a lot of such top-grossing movies include:X men, Silent Hill, Mean girls,etc(Chris Hamilton, 2008) . Apparently, there are both advantages and disadvantages behind the runaway production for both U.S. and Canada. Take the employment issue as instance:the loss of the job opportunities would be one of the serious concern towards the Americas because the film producer would prefer to hire the local employers rather than bring the workers all the way to B.C. This is aiming of saving appropriation expenditure. Many people like Pendarkur M hold the belief of: â€Å"creating employment is more important than fighting for better wages and working conditions†(Pendarkur, 1998). Basically, this idea is fairly straight forward which stand for its way much better to  have a job rather than getting a better wages and working conditions provided by their boss. In this way, the employment is seen as the priority of one country. Nevertheless, we still cannot deny the advantages and disadvantages it brought to BC and U.S. The optimistic effects might probably cause a decrease unemployed rate for the Canadians. In another words, more Canadians would find a job under the help of the U.S. film industry.On the other hand, there would be a high unemployed rate for the Americans. Other than the job opportunities we get, Vancouver is successfully known as North Hollywood currently and it helps to promote Canadians film industry. After that, it widen the opportunities for the TV producer to do the movies and help to  expose the beauty of diverse BC sceneries to the whole world. Eventually, he ended up with the solution that:† This type of thinking has resulted from the weakened position of Canadian and international unions, which has placed them in a struggle for survival and left them unprepared to negotiate with the powerful and expanding entertainment industry†(Pendarkur, 1998). After getting the great job opportunities, BC is actually facing a further serious problem which is the lack of capability to get rid of the domination of U.S. and build their own entertainment industry. The longer period people adopted into something, the harder for them to leave it behind and build a new industry. Actually, there is a far long period when the U.S. Corporation first started dominated some of the Canadian entertainment market. According to Pendarur M: 4 Paramount Famous-Lasky, the leading vertically integrated firm in the United States, dominated the Canadian feature film market through its subsidiary, Fomous Players Canadian Corporation,(Pendakur, M. 1990). The Canadians were influenced and dominated by the U.S. Industry for such a long period already. This situation lead the Canadian get more adopted to U.S. Entertainment world rather than building up their own film industry. This lead to the consideration of the loss of local audiences once the government decide to promote their local film market. Moreover, audience fragmentation is another concerns about why Canadian not encourage making its own movies.If people randomly walk into a cinema, it is obviously to find out the U.S. movies took over a great percentage of movie products on the Canadian cinema. Also, it gets a fairly good feedback among the audiences which makes the Canadian cinema become prosperous. In order to let it remain the same situation and let it survive, the Canadian film industry realize to spend more time and attract more foreign powerful film-making countries is significant rather than creating their own domestic film. Through David Skinners research., he claimed that:these definitions are all based on a concern that the dominant corporate media do not adequately represent the interests of all members of society(David, 2010, p.221). These definitions on the above quote are actually stand for the idea of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"alternative media† . The dominant corporate media cannot be fully satisfied by one hundred percent of the audiences because different people from the various social status have their own interests. To be  more specific, even though the Canadian government invest expenditure to promote the real Canadian movie,the audience fragmentation still exists. To consider this issue in a further financial perspectives, it better and easier to support the U.S. runaway productions in order to keep the Canadian cinema industry alive and have a large number of audiences really buy the tickets. Moreover, a more serious situation would happen derived from the previous sequences. The dominant corporate might only provide the pastime for those of them who have the ability to access media. Nevertheless, the rest of them might remain the same living style as what they were before because they dont have the capability to access them like some remote areas. The new technologys exist give people a new sight to understand the world. The powerful invention of these new media going to influence how we think and how we behave. After that, it causes the huge gaps between the one who can get into the cinema and who are not capable to use that. Its hard for a whole nation to unite together and figure out what their real interests are. The Canadian government provide the tax incentives undoubtedly created benefits for both of them financially but seems ignore the further concern of creating a â€Å"real Canada† consists of it’s real identity. What kind of movie we watch has a direct impact to shape Canadian itself. Specifically, someone who makes the film affect what kind of messages they get. It impacts the Canadian identity in several various aspects. Particularly, there is not  doubt that Canada and U.S. overlap a lot of similarities like the languages. However, there is one significant factor cannot be denied on this context which is the â€Å"unique identity†. The Canadians do have its own unique identity including the enthusiasm to the national hockey, the still existing of First Nation’s unsophisticated lifestyle and other factors make Canada become a unique nation and really help the Canadians to define who they are. Along with the tendency of growing proportion U.S. film start to shoot  movies in Canada, the Canada seems have less time to promote their own film. Some of the U.S. identities are being shown during the films and this is going to directly injected into Canadians mind. Consequently, they would not be able to have a strong nationality traits. In conclusion, this paper mainly explored the reasons for the Canadian government intentionally turn Vancouver into north Hollywood instead of investing the film producer to shoot the real domestic movie with real local identity in it. Also, this paper looked at the profits and drawbacks from both U.S. film associations perspective and Canadian governments point of view. Next, it emphasis the significant role of one countrys entertainment industry. The film industry has no longer simplly provide an entertainment way for people to have a pastime but it become a nations symbol and reflected the countrys real identity. The elements being made during the scenes potentially injected into audiences mind and they behave toward the invisible messages being created by the film. As time passes, it definitely  going to influence how Canadian behave and how they communicate between each other. This paper concluded that the creation of one countrys identity is far more significant compared with governments financial concern. References David, Skinner. (2010) â€Å"Minding the Growing Gaps: alternative media in Canada† In Leslie R.S(ed.) Mediascapes. Nelson College Indigenous Press. Famous Movies Filmed in Canada | Cinemaroll. (n.d.). Cinemaroll | film making, from the viewers perspective. Retrieved March 24, 2011, from http://cinemaroll.com/cinemarolling/famous-movies-filmed-in-canada/ Newman, D. (2005). Regions And Runways: Film Assistance In New Zealand British Columbia, 1990-2005. Media International Australia Incorporating Culture Policy, (117), 11-30. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Pendakur, M. M., Sussman, G. G., Lent, J. A. (1998). Hollywood north: film and TV production in Canada. In , Global Productions: Labor in the Making of the Information Society (pp. 213-238). Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Pendakur, M. (1990). Canadian Dreams American Control: The Political Economy of the Canadian Film Industry. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. 9 Stephen M. K. (2006). The Global Success of Production Tax Incentives and the Migration of Feature Film Production From The U.S. to the World Year 2005 Production Report[Adobe Digital Editions version]. Takaki, MillieShoot,( 12/14/2001). Dispute Heats Up Over Runaway Tariff Proposal. Film Television Literature Index with Full Text (Vol. 42, Issue 50) Vancouver Film. Net: BC Announces 35% Film Incentive Credit. (n.d.). Vancouver Film. Net. Retrieved March 24, 2011, from http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2008/01/bc-plans-35-film-tax-credit.html

Development of Organizational Architecture

Development of Organizational Architecture Venter and Louw (2006, pg 394) describes organizational architecture is an integrated strategic response, which draws together key dimensions of the organization (such as organizational structure, leadership, organizational culture, policies and strategies and the to guide strategic formulation, alignment and implementation. This report will seek to critically discuss organizational architecture as a cohesive framework that will bring about change within PPC. Venter and Louw (2006, pg 394) says that the ability of an organization to facilitate the effective and efficient implementation of strategy is almost entirely dependent on its internal functioning, for it is the internal organization which is seen to comprise those elements that are pivotal in translating the strategy into tangible outcomes and actions. We will do this by exploring the notions of PPCs alignment and implementation with particular reference to the architecture developed by Lee et al (2004). Stakeholders The main driver of PPC strategy as described in the case study is to enhance stakeholders relationships. PPC Stakeholders are shareholders, customers suppliers, the broader community and its employees. These different employees are affected differently by PPC strategy. During the strategy formulation phase, PPC was able to establish that the main hindrance to achieving consistency was that their 4000 employees were demotivated. So PPC embarked on a strategy to motivate its employees. Cameron (2003) defines motivation as the force that drives behaviour in a particular direction. Mitchell (1982) defines motivation as those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented. Both Cameron and Mitchell point out that motivation is goal oriented however Mitchell (1982) further defines this force as a psychological processes in his definition of motivation. This distinction by Mitchell is important in that it realizes motivation as a process (i.e. consisting of a number of steps) and psychological. This distinction reveals that for a manager to be able to motivate he has to identify the psychological needs of his employees and then devise a process of meeting those needs. PPC was able to identify that motivation of employees was one of the factors that it needed to improve in order to improve its goals. So it looked at how this can be achieved. Capabilities Louw and Venter (2006) describe capabilities as those different deliverables provided to the stakeholders by the organization and dependent on the nature of the organization. From the case study PPC seems to be following a low cost structure for its cement business and a differentiation strategy for its PPC Lime and Afripack business. These different capabilities have implications on PPC stakeholders. For example, for shareholders, the low cost strategy has high returns through streamlined, more cost effective operations and proved by the increase in share price from R78 to R122 by the end of September 2003. So the above combination of strategies has the benefit of drawing elements from both capabilities. Processes Processes can be seen as drivers of capability. Veasey (2001, pg 423) cited on Louw and Venter (2006) categorizes processes as management, operational and support. Management Processes: Describes the role of PPC managers, their work methods, goals and tasks that they aim to achieve and lastly knowledge, skills and level of performance required by the job. The Kumbuku project seemed to be aimed at reducing the performance as the responsibility of only the managers but to spread it amongst all employees. Operational Processes: This is merely concerned with the conversion of inputs into outputs. Heizer and Render (1999, pg 228) cited on Louw and Venter says most goods are produced using one of three strategies, namely, process focus, repetitive process and product focus. PPC produces many units of cement a year with very low degree of variety, so it follows the continuous process. Support processes: These are the processes that support the core business e.g., HR, marketing, sales. These processes are still very important in ensuring efficient and effective running of the business. Organisational structure/systems The main purpose of an organizational structure is to clear and precise roles and responsibilities for all employees as per their department and hierarchy in the structure. This ensures order and maintains a systematic procedure of doing things, which ensures performance and efficiency. At PPC, the strategy is aimed at flattening the structure and shortens the decision making hierarchy. This in turn can improve efficiency and motivate employees. Systems, Policies and procedure Policies and procedures are useful in guiding and aligning the organizations members in their activities and their behaviors at work. Reward Systems. Performance management systems Performance management includes activities that ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. These could include: Ongoing observation and measurements to track performance conducted by supervisor. Ongoing feedback about the performance to be given. Quarterly formal performance reviews. This could entails a formal documentation of the progress towards achieving expected results, comments on how these were achieved and suggestions on how to improve performance. If performance meets the desired performance standards, rewards should be given. Policies and procedures Knowledge, skills and abilities With the Kumbuku project, one of the main aims of the project is to achieve a good match between the requirements of the job and natural capabilities of individual employees. This could also have the impact of motivating the employees and lead to job satisfaction and loyalty. Technology Technology is the key to implementation of processes that lead to outputs at PPC. PPC has evaluated its manufacturing technologies and is similar to the best in the industry. However it also must ensure that its office technologies and service technologies are also of a benchmark standard. For PPC this has meant a big investment in order to achieve highly skilled employees. Organisational culture Collins and Porras (1994 in Clegg et al 1996) showed that it is strikingly evident that organizational culture lies at the centre of what differentiates visionary companies from comparison companies (and significantly greater economic performance over the long-term). Culture, how we do things around here in order to succeed (Schneider, 1994, 1997), is an organizations way, identity, pattern of dynamic relationships, reality. Nel et al (2001, p.397) on Harris and Moran (1979, p.32) describes culture as a communicable knowledge for human coping within a particular environment that is passed on for the benefit of subsequent generations, whilst Wilson and Rosenfeld (1990, p.229) defines culture as the basic values, ideologies and assumptions which guide and fashion individual and business behavior. The above definitions both speak to me about the communicable knowledge which Wilson and Rosenfeld explains it to be basic values, ideologies and assumptions. Stapleton (2003) on Trice and Beyer (1984) identifies 4 symbol categories in which this communicable knowledge manifests itself namely; practices, communications, physical forms and common language. These categories are best summarized to prove Deal and Kennedy (1982) definition of the way things get done around here. The way things get done around here can be seen through these 4 categories. Practices This refers to common practices at PPC e.g. Awards etc. Communications Common stories that are generally heard at PPC. Physical forms Some of the notable physical forms could be for example different dress manner between operators and professionals. Other examples include allocated parking spaces and offices. Common Language Refers to the common language during meetings, notice boards, procedure and policies. QUESTION 2 Employees are at the center of organizational change initiatives (Tetenbaum 1998).For PPCs Kumbuku project to be successful, employees need to be able to realize that a good organizational culture and climate would as McNabb and Sepic (1995) says bring about lasting change though the developing of working conditions in which employees can operate more effectively. Should the reason for change be not understood, the following sources of resistance to change could be experienced: Resistance due to organizational culture: Some of the difficulties with change initiatives may be attributed to deeper, more critical sources, such as the pervasive culture of the organization and the operating climate (McNabb and Sepic 1995). An organizations culture is the deep-rooted set of values and beliefs that provide norms for behavior (Deshpande and Webster 1989; Schein 1992). An organizations climate refers to the ways organizations operationalize routine behaviors and the actions that are expected, supported, and rewarded (Schneider and Rentsch 1988). These two characteristics combine to determine organizational readiness for change (McNabb and Sepic 1995). Resistance due to a lack of a holistic perspective: Another long-known reason for lack of change success is the propensity for organizations to implement piece-meal solutions rather than taking a systems perspective (Ackoff 1974). Stakeholders may be resistance to the Kumbuku project due to the fact that they might not have a clear understanding of the direction and holistic implication of the strategy the company is pursuing. Resistance by managers: People have a natural fear of change and when change is mandated they feel a loss of control (Evans 2001). For many people in an organization, change initiatives imply a loss of the security that goes with a specific job. Senge and Kaeufer (2000) note that change efforts can induce fear. The management team at PPC could be threatened by the introduction the allowance of employees in decision making processes. They might feel redundant and not adding value. Also the change in the PPC management structure putting management at the bottom might result in demotivated management team who does not take pride in its role. Resistance by white employees and managers: The fast promotion of black employees could be resisted by white employees, who might feel unfairly discriminated and not valued. Existing white managers might also feel unsecured and can also undermine the newly appointed black managers, who they might not attribute their promotion to good performance. Resistance due to poor communication: Should the Kambuku project not be properly communicated to relevant stakeholders, it could result in poor buy in and failure in implementation. Dawson (1994) discusses the idea of communication and employee involvement being central to the process of change as a crucial consideration in overcoming the natural resistance that most employees feel. QUESTION 3 Johnson (1988) cited on Signal-Horn (2004), defines strategic drift as when gradually, perhaps imperceptibly; the strategy of the company will become less and less in line with the environment in which the organization operates. This definition is the same as that of Charles Handy (1989) which describes strategic drift as the subtle changes of the organisations strategy that leads the organization away from its intended destination to a destination that is unintended. This means that an organization must continuously review its environment and change its strategy in relation to the change in environment as has PPC in the past five years. The organizations response to the changing environment is often associated with its culture. Culture in this instance is seen as a contributor to resisting change (keeping the organization in equilibrium as suggested by Lewin force field model) as it stifles innovation and performance, leading to a drift in strategy. This means that for organization to properly implement change they must undergo an appropriate cultural change. For PPC, it might take many more years for it to start experiencing strategic drift but it is important for PPC Chief Executive to look out for the symptoms of strategic drift which could include: Declining performance. Highly homogenous culture. Little toleration for questioning and challenging of status quo. Reliance on price/cost /competition. Strong power blockages to change. When some of the above mentioned symptoms are identifies Lewin three stage process of change could be used as interventions to prevent the danger of strategic drift: Unfreezing current attitudes This means that old behaviours and ways of doing things must be seen to be unsatisfactory by the organisation and changed and prohibited. Also the need and the benefits for change must be well communicated. Those resisting change must be confronted and addressed. This could be done by involving them to participate and communicating the value of change. Change to a new level This is a period of shifting the equilibrium. Here PPC could embark on a search for new solutions which could include information on new values, organisational culture and structure. Refreezing attitudes at the new level When the organisation has found a solution, it can embark on reinforcing and supporting the new strategy through it structure, policies and systems. REFERENCES Kreitner, R. and Kinicki, A. 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